Tumor Classification
Bone Tumors
Benign Osseous
Osteoblastoma
General Information Benign osteoblastic neoplasm with aggressive growth pattern (considered a benign aggressive tumor) Histologically it is similar to osteoid osteoma but is a larger size and grows progressively Consists of well vascularized connective tissue stroma...
Osteoblastoma
General Information Benign osteoblastic neoplasm with aggressive growth pattern (considered a benign aggressive tumor) Histologically it is similar to osteoid osteoma but is a larger size and grows progressively Consists of well vascularized connective tissue stroma...
Osteoid Osteoma
General Information Osteoid Osteoma is a benign osteoblastic (bone forming) tumor that is usually less than 2cm in size. It consists of a central vascularized nidus that represents the neoplastic tissue. The nidus is surrounded by normal reactive bone. It is usually a...
Osteoid Osteoma
General Information Osteoid Osteoma is a benign osteoblastic (bone forming) tumor that is usually less than 2cm in size. It consists of a central vascularized nidus that represents the neoplastic tissue. The nidus is surrounded by normal reactive bone. It is usually a...
Osteoma
GENERAL INFORMATION Osteoma is a rare benign bone tumor, composed of mature osseous tissue. It presents as a protruding mass of dense periosteal intramembranous bone, usually on surface of host bone. It is abnormally dense but is normal bone formed in the...
Osteoma
GENERAL INFORMATION Osteoma is a rare benign bone tumor, composed of mature osseous tissue. It presents as a protruding mass of dense periosteal intramembranous bone, usually on surface of host bone. It is abnormally dense but is normal bone formed in the...
Malignant Osseous Osteosarcoma
High Grade Surface Osteosarcoma
General Information High grade surface osteosarcoma is a type of high grade osteosarcoma that develops on the surface of the bone from the outer cortex. There is none to minimal medullary involvement The microscopic pathology is the same as a conventional osteosarcoma...
Intracortical Osteosarcoma
General Information Intracortical osteosarcoma is an extremely rare type of osteosarcoma that arises within and is usually confined to the cortex of the bone. It is a high grade osteosarcoma that is confined to the cortex of a long bone Intracortical osteosarcoma is...
Low Grade Intraosseous Osteosarcoma
GENERAL INFORMATION Low Grade Intraosseous Osteosarcoma is a low grade malignant bone tumor that accounts for 1% to 2% of all Osteosarcomas. Constituent cells of the tumor form osteoid or immature woven bone. CLINICAL DATA • More frequent in second and...
Osteosarcoma (Conventional)
General Information An osteosarcoma is so called, because it is a cancerous tumor that is derived from a mesenchymal stem cell precursor (thus, by definition a sarcoma). The malignant cells produce immature woven bone, or osteoid, which is why the tumor is named...
Parosteal Osteosarcoma
General Information Parosteal osteosarcoma is a low grade, well differentiated fibroblastic tumor that produces bone/osteoid (immature woven bone). It arises from the surface of the bone, namely the outer layer of the periosteum. It is slow growing and slow to...
Periosteal Osteosarcoma
General Information Periosteal osteosarcoma is a distinct type of surface osteosarcoma (arises from the surface of the bone/periosteum) It arises from the inner layer of the periosteum and therefore elevates the periosteum and produces a periosteal reaction Periosteal...
Telangiectatic Osteosarcoma
General Information Telangiectatic osteosarcoma is a variant of an intramedullary high grade osteosarcoma. Accounts for 3% of osteosarcomas Telangiectatic osteosarcoma is extremely lytic on X-rays. It demonstrates very little osteoid production. It is characterized by...
Benign Cartilaginous
Chondroblastoma
General Information Codman Tumor (old historical name for chondroblastoma) Cartilage Containing Giant Cell Tumor (Kolodney 1972) Calcifying Giant Cell Tumor (Ewing 1928) Clinical Data Rare; 1-2% all bone tumors Male predilection (2:1) Children and young adults; 90%...
Chondroblastoma
General Information Codman Tumor (old historical name for chondroblastoma) Cartilage Containing Giant Cell Tumor (Kolodney 1972) Calcifying Giant Cell Tumor (Ewing 1928) Clinical Data Rare; 1-2% all bone tumors Male predilection (2:1) Children and young adults; 90%...
Chondromyxofibroma (CMF)
General Information Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma consists of a low grade malignant hyaline cartilage tumor associated with a high-grade nonchondroid spindle sarcoma. The two components are juxtaposed with abrupt clear demarcation line The high grade sarcoma is most...
Enchondroma
General Information Enchondroma is a benign indolent intramedullary hyaline cartilage neoplasm Accounts for 10% of all benign osseous tumors Limited growth, most lesions are less than 5 cm in maximal dimension Bones grow from a cartilaginous growth plate that...
Enchondroma
General Information Enchondroma is a benign indolent intramedullary hyaline cartilage neoplasm Accounts for 10% of all benign osseous tumors Limited growth, most lesions are less than 5 cm in maximal dimension Bones grow from a cartilaginous growth plate that...
Enchondroma
General Information Enchondroma is a benign indolent intramedullary hyaline cartilage neoplasm Accounts for 10% of all benign osseous tumors Limited growth, most lesions are less than 5 cm in maximal dimension Bones grow from a cartilaginous growth plate that...
Osteochondroma
General Information Osteochondroma is an outgrowth of medullary and cortical bone A portion of the cartilaginous growth plate grows outward instead of longitudinally and forms the osteochondroma/exostosis (like a branch on a tree) It consists of bone covered with...
Periosteal Chondroma
General Information Benign neoplasm Composed of mature hyaline cartilage Arises from surface of bone from inner layer of periosteum Erodes the outer table of the cortex Does not grossly extend into medullary cavity Also known as juxtacortical chondroma More cellular...
Malignant Cartilaginous
Clear Cell Chondrosarcoma
General Information Malignant tumor Comprised of neoplastic chondrocytes With abundany, clear cytosplasm Little interveining matrix Foci of conventional chondrosarcoma may be present Clinical Presentation Signs/Symptoms: Pain and swelling There may be interference...
Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma
General Information Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma consists of a low grade malignant hyaline cartilage tumor associated with a high-grade nonchondroid spindle sarcoma. The two components are juxtaposed with abrupt clear demarcation line The high grade sarcoma is most...
Enchondroma
General Information Enchondroma is a benign indolent intramedullary hyaline cartilage neoplasm Accounts for 10% of all benign osseous tumors Limited growth, most lesions are less than 5 cm in maximal dimension Bones grow from a cartilaginous growth plate that...
Enchondromatosis
General Information Enchondromatosis is enchondral ossification or cartilage dysplasia.Occurs in two clinical disorders: Ollier’s Disease rare skeletal disorder Multifocal intramedullary proliferation of dysplastic cartilage Present in one bone or multiple bones with...
Extraskeletal Chondrosarcoma
GENERAL INFORMATION Extraskeletal chondrosarcoma is a rare cancerous soft tissue tumor. It is a cartilaginous producing spindle cell tumor (sarcoma) that occurs in the soft tissues as opposed to the more typical site in bone. Represents up to 2% of all soft...
Juxtacortical (Periosteal) Chondrosarcoma
General Information Juxtacortical/Periosteal Similar to juxtacortical chondroma Periosteal lesion - cortical erosion Chondroid matrix calcification Similar to periosteal ogs (no hair on end periosteal reaction) Larger soft tissue mass/size (>3-4cm) Intramedullary...
Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma
General Information High grade malignant, cartilage-forming tumor Comprised primarily of noncartilaginous small, round, oval, or spindle shaped cells with islands of malignant cartilage dispersed throughout noncartilaginous component of tumor Osteoid may be present as...
Osteochondroma
General Information Osteochondroma is an outgrowth of medullary and cortical bone A portion of the cartilaginous growth plate grows outward instead of longitudinally and forms the osteochondroma/exostosis (like a branch on a tree) It consists of bone covered with...
Benign Fibrous
Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma
GENERAL INFORMATION Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma is a rare tumor of mesenchymal origin. First described in 1958 by Dahlin. They are composed of two cell types, namely atypical fibroblasts and histiocytes, arranged in a storiform pattern. Lipid-filled cells may be...
Desmoplastic Fibroma
GENERAL INFORMATION Desmoplastic fibroma is a benign but aggressive tumor composed of fibroblasts and myoblasts in heavily collagenized stroma. It's a very rare tumor with slow growth and produces collagen. It characterized also by aggressive intramedullary...
Fibromatosis
Deep fibromatoses include extraabdominal fibromatosis, or extraabdominal desmoid tumors. The deep fibromatoses are tumors that have the capacity for infiltration and recurrence. The are locally aggressive in nature and may be uncontrollable. They do not metastasize....
Fibrous Dysplasia
GENERAL INFORMATION Fibrous dysplasia is not considered a tumor; it is a developmental disorder of the bone. It appears similar to a tumor on radiological studies. Fibrous dysplasia is caused by the inability of the bone-forming tissue to produce mature bone due to a...
Malignant Fibrous
Fibrosarcoma
GENERAL INFORMATION A fibrosarcoma is a malignant (cancerous) spindle cell neoplasm originating from fibroblasts that shows no other evidence of differentiation. The spindle cells are usually uniform and show minimal pleomorphism depending on the grade of...
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma (MFH) of Bone
GENERAL INFORMATION Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma (MFH) usually arises in soft tissue and is typically a malignant soft tissue sarcoma, but may arise from bone in 1% to 5% of all cases and accounts for 3% to 8% of all bone tumors. In this case it is called MFH of...
Benign Small Round Blue Cell
Eosinophilic Granuloma
General Information This is a benign proliferation of Langerhans cells usually accompanied with eosinophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils and scattered plasma cells. There may be solitary or multiple lesions confined to bone 70% of cases consist of a solitary lesion...
Malignant Small Round Blue Cell
Ewing Sarcoma
General Information Ewing sarcoma is a small round blue cell sarcoma It is a primary osseous neoplasm (cancer/sarcoma) composed of uniform, monotonous, small round blue cells without any matrix production Fourth most common primary malignancy of bone Approximately 5%...
Extraskeletal Ewing Sarcoma
GENERAL INFORMATION Extraskeletal Ewing Sarcoma (EES) is a malignant small round-blue cell tumor than arises most often in Children and adolescents. Tefft et al in 1969 described the first series of Extraskeletal Ewing Sarcoma that arose from the...
Lymphoma of Bone
General Information Primary lymphoma of bone is defined as lymphoma arising within the medullary cavity of a bone in the absence of lymph node or organ involvement for at least 6 months after diagnosis Primary lymphoma of bone is rare (3% of primary bone tumors) and...
Benign Giant Cell
Giant Cell Tumor of Bone
GENERAL INFORMATION Giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone is a benign but aggressive bone tumor originating from mesenchymal cells. Initially, described by Cooper and Travers in 1818 as an aggressive and destructive lesion of long bones, then Virchow first described the...
Benign Vascular
Lymphangioma
GENERAL INFORMATION Lymphangioma is a benign vascular lesion. It is believed to originate from a non communication between the lymphatics and venous system. CLINICAL DATA • A benign vascular lesions• Appear to show lymphatic differentiation• Thin-walled...
Malignant Vascular
Angiosarcoma
GENERAL INFORMATION Angiosarcoma is a rare malignant neoplasm that arises from endothelial cells of blood vessels. Very rare in infant and young adults but has a very poor prognosis. It most typically arises in the setting of chronic lymphedema often caused by...
Benign Neurogenic
Schwannoma (neurilemoma)
GENERAL INFORMATION • Benign soft tissue tumor arising from a peripheral nerve sheath (epineurium) derived from a schwann cell. • Also known as Neurilemoma• Arises from the periphery of the nerve, epineurium • The nerve is displaced eccentrically• Small...
Benign Cystic
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC)
General Information An aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a benign bone tumor or neoplasm. It consists of a blood-filled multiloculated cavity with a thick fibrous lining. The lining is composed of mesenchymal spindle cells, capillaries, multinucleated giant cells, and...
Malignant Myogenic
Leiomyosarcoma
GENERAL INFORMATION Leimyosarcoma is a rare malignant spindle cell tumor (sarcoma) composed of cells which demonstrate smooth muscle differentiation. Almost 50% percent affect the retroperitoneum. Leiomyosarcoma have been subdivided into 3 categories: leiomyosarcoma...
Rhabdomyosarcoma
GENERAL INFORMATION Rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant soft tissue tumor (sarcoma) originating from striated skeletal muscle. Although rare, it is one of the more common solid cancerous tumors (sarcoma) affecting children. This entity occurs with same...
Benign Miscellaneous
Malignant Miscellaneous
Adamantinoma
General Information Primary intraosseous epithelial neoplasm Low-grade malignancy and predilection for tibia Associated with intraosseous fibro-osseous proliferation (osteofibrous dysplasia) Classic vs. Differentiated Classic – grow beyond cortex, older patients,...
Chordoma
GENERAL INFORMATION • Chordomas were first described by Virshow in 1957 and named as Chordoma by Ribbert in the 1890s. • Slow growing malignant primary bone tumor• Originates from residual of undifferentiated notochordal remnants in nucleus...
Malignant Metastatic Lesions
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Benign Synovial
Extraskeletal Chondrosarcoma
GENERAL INFORMATION Extraskeletal chondrosarcoma is a rare cancerous soft tissue tumor. It is a cartilaginous producing spindle cell tumor (sarcoma) that occurs in the soft tissues as opposed to the more typical site in bone. Represents up to 2% of all soft...
Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis (PVNS)
GENERAL INFORMATION Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is described as a benign villous or nodular proliferation of synovium. Pigmented villonodular synovitis occurs commonly in the third and fourth decades of life. Also known as diffuse tenosynovial giant cell...
Synovial Chrondromatosis
Synovial chondromatosis is an uncommon, benign, process that occurs in large joints, such as the knee (50%), hip, elbow, or shoulder. This process mainly affects synovium and hence most commonly arises from joints and tendons which are lined by synovium. Synovial...
Soft TissueTumors
Benign Fibrous/Myofibroblastic
Elastofibroma
Elastofibroma is an actual reactive process that presents itself as a tumor. It is fibrous in nature and almost exclusively affects the soft tissues around the scapula. It has been suggested that elastofibromas fevelop as a response to repeated trauma. One-third of...
Fibromatosis
Deep fibromatoses include extraabdominal fibromatosis, or extraabdominal desmoid tumors. The deep fibromatoses are tumors that have the capacity for infiltration and recurrence. The are locally aggressive in nature and may be uncontrollable. They do not metastasize....
Solitary Fibrous Tumor
GENERAL INFORMATION Solitary fibrous tumor is a rare and usually benign mesenchymal tumor, composed of thick collagen and characteristically has a prominent haemangiopericytoma-like branching vascular pattern. Solitary fibrous tumors usually affect adult group (median...
Malignant Fibrous/Myofibroblastic
Fibrosarcoma
GENERAL INFORMATION A fibrosarcoma is a malignant (cancerous) spindle cell neoplasm originating from fibroblasts that shows no other evidence of differentiation. The spindle cells are usually uniform and show minimal pleomorphism depending on the grade of...
Benign Fibrohistiocytic
Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma
GENERAL INFORMATION Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma is a rare tumor of mesenchymal origin. First described in 1958 by Dahlin. They are composed of two cell types, namely atypical fibroblasts and histiocytes, arranged in a storiform pattern. Lipid-filled cells may be...
Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans (DFSP)
GENERAL INFORMATION Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans (DFSP) is an infrequent type of malignant skin sarcoma. It arises from the dermis of the skin. DFSP accounts for less than 6% of all soft tissue sarcomas. There are approximately 1000 cases in the United States...
Malignant Fibrohistiocytic
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Benign Lipomatous
Hibernoma
GENERAL INFORMATION Hibernoma is a benign neoplasm made up of multivacuolated brown fat cells. It is a type of lipoma. CLINICAL DATA • Rare, represents less than 2% of all types of lipomas• Made of brown fat• Affects ages between second and third...
Lipoma
GENERAL INFORMATION Benign tumor composed of mature adipocytes with uniform nuclei identical to the cells of normal adult fat. Lipoma is the most common tumor of soft tissue. Benign/Mature adipocytes have cytoplasmic lipid in a single large vacuole that pushes the...
Malignant Lipomatous
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Benign Smooth Muscle
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Malignant Smooth Muscle
Leiomyosarcoma
GENERAL INFORMATION Leimyosarcoma is a rare malignant spindle cell tumor (sarcoma) composed of cells which demonstrate smooth muscle differentiation. Almost 50% percent affect the retroperitoneum. Leiomyosarcoma have been subdivided into 3 categories: leiomyosarcoma...
Benign Skeletal Muscle
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Malignant Skeletal Muscle
Rhabdomyosarcoma
GENERAL INFORMATION Rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant soft tissue tumor (sarcoma) originating from striated skeletal muscle. Although rare, it is one of the more common solid cancerous tumors (sarcoma) affecting children. This entity occurs with same...
Benign Vascular
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Malignant Vascular
Angiosarcoma
GENERAL INFORMATION Angiosarcoma is a rare malignant neoplasm that arises from endothelial cells of blood vessels. Very rare in infant and young adults but has a very poor prognosis. It most typically arises in the setting of chronic lymphedema often caused by...
Benign Synovial
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Malignant Synovial
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Benign Neural
Schwannoma (neurilemoma)
GENERAL INFORMATION • Benign soft tissue tumor arising from a peripheral nerve sheath (epineurium) derived from a schwann cell. • Also known as Neurilemoma• Arises from the periphery of the nerve, epineurium • The nerve is displaced eccentrically• Small...
Malignant Neural
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor (MPNST)
GENERAL INFORMATION Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is a malignant form of the schwannoma. It is a spindle cell sarcoma that can arise from a neurofibroma and shows nerve sheath differentiation. CLINICAL DATA Associated with neurofibromatosis 1...
Benign Extraskeletal Osseous
Myositis Ossificans
GENERAL INFORMATION Myositis ossificans is a benign intramuscular mass usually caused by an injury. It can form directly in a muscle or form closely applied to the surface of a bone. Also called benign fibro-osseous lesion or heterotopic ossification is composed of...
Malignant Extraskeletal Osseous
Extraskeletal Chondrosarcoma
GENERAL INFORMATION Extraskeletal chondrosarcoma is a rare cancerous soft tissue tumor. It is a cartilaginous producing spindle cell tumor (sarcoma) that occurs in the soft tissues as opposed to the more typical site in bone. Represents up to 2% of all soft...
Benign Miscellaneous
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Malignant Miscellaneous
Clear Cell Sarcoma (Melanoma of Soft Parts)
GENERAL INFORMATION Clear Cell Sarcoma of Soft tissue is a very rare (1% of all soft tissue sarcomas) and aggressive melanocytic sarcoma that was described for the first time by Enzinger in 1965. It is also referred to as melanoma of soft parts. CLINICAL DATA It is...
Ewing Sarcoma
General Information Ewing sarcoma is a small round blue cell sarcoma It is a primary osseous neoplasm (cancer/sarcoma) composed of uniform, monotonous, small round blue cells without any matrix production Fourth most common primary malignancy of bone Approximately 5%...
Extraskeletal Ewing Sarcoma
GENERAL INFORMATION Extraskeletal Ewing Sarcoma (EES) is a malignant small round-blue cell tumor than arises most often in Children and adolescents. Tefft et al in 1969 described the first series of Extraskeletal Ewing Sarcoma that arose from the...
Synovial Sarcoma
GENERAL INFORMATION Synovial sarcoma is a common soft tissue malignancy accounting for 5 – 10 % of soft tissue sarcomas. Patients with synovial cell sarcoma are often between the ages of 15 and 35 years old; generally younger than patients with other types of soft...